Guide to Japanese

Adverbs and Sentence-ending particles

漢字「かんじ」- Kanji

JLPT N4 Grade 1
early, fast
Kun: はや・い、 はや、 はや-、 はや・まる、 はや・める、 さ-
On: ソウ、 サッ
JLPT N4 Grade 2
emorning, dynasty, regime, epoch, period, (North) Korea
Kun: あさ
On: チョウ
JLPT N4 Grade 4
meal, boiled rice
Kun: めし
On: ハン
JLPT N5 Grade 2
eat, food
Kun: く・う、 く・らう、 た・べる、 は・む
On: ショク、 ジキ
JLPT N4 Grade 2
oneself
Kun: みずか・ら、 おの・ずから、 おの・ずと
On: ジ、 シ
Grade 2
part, minute of time, segment, share, degree, one’s lot, duty, understand, know, rate, 1%, chances
Kun: わ・ける、 わ・け、 わ・かれる、 わ・かる、 わ・かつ
On: ブン、 フン、 ブ
JLPT N3 Grade 3
section, bureau, dept, class, copy, part, portion, counter for copies of a newspaper or magazine
Kun: -べ
On: ブ
JLPT N4 Grade 3
roof, house, shop, dealer, seller
Kun: や
On: オク
JLPT N4 Grade 6
reflect, reflection, projection
Kun: うつ・る、 うつ・す、 は・える、 -ば・え
On: エイ
JLPT N4 Grade 2
brush-stroke, picture
Kun: えが・く、 かく・する、 かぎ・る、 はかりごと、 はか・る
On: ガ、 カク、 エ、 カイ
JLPT N5 Grade 1
see, hopes, chances, idea, opinion, look at, visible
Kun: み・る、 み・える、 み・せる
On: ケン
JLPT N3 Grade 4
utmost, most, extreme
Kun: もっと・も、 つま
On: サイ、 シュ
JLPT N4 Grade 2
near, early, akin, tantamount
Kun: ちか・い
On: キン、 コン
JLPT N3 Grade 3
whole, entire, all, complete, fulfill
Kun: まった・く、 すべ・て
On: ゼン
JLPT N3 Grade 4
sort of thing, so, if so, in that case, well
Kun: しか、 しか・り、 しか・し、 さ
On: ゼン、 ネン
JLPT N3 Grade 2
voice
Kun: こえ、 こわ-
On: セイ、 ショウ
JLPT N1 Grade 4
tie, bind, contract, join, organize, do up hair, fasten
Kun: むす・ぶ、 ゆ・う、 ゆ・わえる
On: ケツ、 ケチ
JLPT N3 Grade 5
posture, stance, appearance, build, set up
Kun: かま・える、 かま・う
On: コウ
JLPT N5 Grade 1
large, big
Kun: おお-、 おお・きい、 -おお・いに
On: ダイ、 タイ
JLPT N4 Grade 1
town, village, block, street
Kun: まち
On: チョウ
JLPT N3 Grade 4
unusual, change, strange
Kun: か・わる、 か・わり、 か・える
On: ヘン
JLPT N4 Grade 2
map, drawing, plan, extraordinary, audacious
Kun: え、 はか・る
On: ズ、 ト
JLPT N5 Grade 2
write
Kun: か・く、 -が・き、 -がき
On: ショ
JLPT N4 Grade 3
building, mansion, large building, palace
Kun: やかた、 たて
On: カン
JLPT N5 Grade 1
in, inside, middle, mean, center
Kun: なか、 うち、 あた・る
On: チュウ
JLPT N3 Grade 4
quiet
Kun: しず-、 しず・か、 しず・まる、 しず・める
On: セイ、 ジョウ
JLPT N5 Grade 1
heavens, sky, imperial
Kun: あまつ、 あめ、 あま-
On: テン
JLPT N5 Grade 1
spirit, mind, air, atmosphere, mood
Kun: いき、 き
On: キ、 ケ
JLPT N3 Grade 3
mask, face, features, surface
Kun: おも、 おもて、 つら
On: メン、 ベン
JLPT N5 Grade 1
white
Kun: しろ、 しら-、 しろ・い
On: ハク、 ビャク
JLPT N5 Grade 2
time, hour
Kun: とき、 -どき
On: ジ
JLPT N5 Grade 2
interval, space
Kun: あいだ、 ま、 あい
On: カン、 ケン
length, measure, Mr., Ms., height, stature, all (one has), only, that’s all, merely
Kun: たけ、 だけ
On: ジョウ
JLPT N3 Grade 4
husband, man
Kun: おっと、 それ
On: フ、 フウ、 ブ
JLPT N5 Grade 2
now
Kun: いま
On: コン、 キン
JLPT N5 Grade 1
day, sun, Japan, counter for days
Kun: ひ、 -び、 -か
On: ニチ、 ジツ
JLPT N4 Grade 2
bright, light
Kun: あ・かり、 あか・るい、 あか・るむ、 あか・らむ、 あき・らか、 あ・ける、 -あ・け、 あ・く、 あ・くる、 あ・かす
On: メイ、 ミョウ、 ミン
JLPT N5 Grade 1
rain
Kun: あめ、 あま-、 -さめ
On: ウ
JLPT N3 Grade 6
descend, precipitate, fall, surrender
Kun: お・りる、 お・ろす、 ふ・る、 ふ・り、 くだ・る、 くだ・す
On: コウ、 ゴ
JLPT N4 Grade 2
fish
Kun: うお、 さかな、 -ざかな
On: ギョ
JLPT N3 Grade 4
fond, pleasing, like something
Kun: この・む、 す・く、 よ・い、 い・い
On: コウ

言葉「ことば」- Vocabulary

いい i-adj
good
早い(はや・い) i-adj
fast; early
きれい na-adj
pretty; clean
朝ご飯(あさ・ご・はん)
breakfast
食べる(た・べる) ru-verb
to eat
自分(じ・ぶん)
oneself
部屋(へ・や)
room
映画(えい・が)
movie
たくさん
a lot (amount)
見る(み・る)
to see; to watch
最近(さい・きん)
recent; lately
全然(ぜん・ぜん)
not at all (when used with negative)
(こえ)
voice
結構(けっ・こう)
fairly, reasonably
大きい(おお・きい) i-adj
big
この
this (abbr. of これの)
(まち)
town
変わる(か・わる) u-verb
to change
図書館(と・しょ・かん)
library
(なか)
inside
静か(しず・か) na-adj
quiet
天気(てん・き)
weather
そう
(things are) that way
面白い(おも・しろ・い) i-adj
interesting
時間(じ・かん)
time
ある u-verb
to exist (inanimate)
大丈夫(だい・じょう・ぶ) na-adj
ok
今日(きょう)
today
うん
yes (casual)
でも
but
明日(あした)
tomorrow
(あめ)
rain
降る(ふ・る) u-verb
to precipitate
(さかな)
fish
好き(す・き) na-adj
likable

Properties of Adverbs

Unlike English, changing adjectives to adverbs is a very simple and straightforward process. In addition, since the system of particles make sentence ordering flexible, adverbs can be placed anywhere in the clause that it applies to as long as it comes before the verb that it refers to. As usual, we have two separate rules: one for i-adjectives, and one for na-adjectives.

How to change an adjective to an adverb

  • For i-adjectives: Substitute the 「い」 with 「く」.

    Example: (はや)(はや)

  • For na-adjectives: Attach the target particle 「に」.

    Example: きれい → きれい

ボブ(bo bu)朝ご飯(あさ・ご・はん)早く(はや・く)食べた(た・べた)
Bob quickly ate breakfast.

The adverb 「早く(はや・く)」 is a little different from the English word ‘fast’ in that it can mean quickly in terms of speed or time. In other words, Bob may have eaten his breakfast early or he may have eaten it quickly depending on the context. In other types of sentences such as 「早く(はや・く)走った(はし・った)」, it is quite obvious that it probably means quickly and not early. (Of course this also depends on the context.)

  • アリス(a ri su)自分(じ・ぶん)部屋(へ・や)きれいにした。
    Alice did her own room toward clean.

The literal translation kind of gives you a sense of why the target particle is used. There is some argument against calling this an adverb at all but it is convenient for us to do so because of the grouping of i-adjectives and na-adjectives. Thinking of it as an adverb, we can interpret the sentence to mean: “Alice did her room cleanly.” or less literally: “Alice cleaned her room.” (「きれい」 literally means “pretty” but if it helps, you can think of it as, “Alice prettied up her own room.”)

Note

Not all adverbs are derived from adjectives. Some words like 「全然(ぜん・ぜん)」 and 「たくさん」 are adverbs in themselves without any conjugation. These words can be used without particles just like regular adverbs.

  1. 映画(えい・が)たくさん見た(み・た)
    Saw a lot of movies.
  2. 最近(さい・きん)全然(ぜん・ぜん)食べない(たべない)
    Lately, don’t eat at all.

Examples

Here are some more examples of using adverbs.

  1. ボブ(bo bu)(こえ)は、結構(けっ・こう)大きい(おお・きい)
    Bob’s voice is fairly large.
  2. この(まち)は、最近(さい・きん)大きく(おお・きく)変わった(か・わった)
    This town had changed greatly lately.
  3. 図書館(と・しょ・かん)(なか)では、静か(しず・か)する。
    Within the library, [we] do things quietly.

Sentence-ending particles

Sentence-ending particles are particles that always come at the end of sentences to change the “tone” or “feel” of a sentence. In this section, we will cover the two most commonly used sentence-ending particles.

sentence ending

People usually add to the end of their sentence when they are looking for (and expecting) agreement to what they are saying. This is equivalent to saying, “right?” or “isn’t it?” in English.

Example 1

ボブ(bo bu) Bob
いい天気(てん・き)
Good weather, huh?
アリス(a ri su) Alice
そう
That is so, isn’t it?

The literal translation of 「そうね」 sounds a bit odd but it basically means something like, “Sure is”. Males would probably say, 「そうだね」.

Example 2

アリス(a ri su) Alice
おもしろい映画(えい・が)だった
That was interesting movie, wasn’t it?
ボブ(bo bu) Bob
え? 全然(ぜん・ぜん)おもしろくなかった。
Huh? No, it wasn’t interesting at all.

Since Alice is expecting agreement that the movie was interesting Bob is surprised because he didn’t find the movie interesting at all. ( is a sound of surprise and confusion.)

sentence ending

When is attached to the end of a sentence, it means that the speaker is informing the listener of something new. In English, we might say this with a, “You know…” such as the sentence, “You know, I’m actually a genius.”

Example 1

アリス(a ri su) Alice
時間(じ・かん)がない
You know, there is no time.
ボブ(bo bu) Bob
大丈夫(だい・じょう・ぶ)
It’s ok, you know.

Example 2

アリス(a ri su) Alice
今日(きょう)はいい天気(てん・き)だね。
Good weather today, huh?
ボブ(bo bu) Bob
うん。でも、明日(あした)(あめ)降る(ふ・る)
Yeah. But it will rain tomorrow, you know.

Combining both to get よね

You can also combine the two particles we just learned to create よね. This is essentially used when you want to inform the listener of some new point you’re trying to make and when you’re seeking agreement on it at the same time. When combining the two, the order must always be よね. You cannot reverse the order.

Example

アリス(a ri su) Alice
ボブ(bo bu)は、(さかな)好き(す・き)なんだよね
You know, you like fish, don’tcha?
ボブ(bo bu) Bob
そうだね。
That is so, huh?